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Ceramic materials --- Ceramics --- Ceramics --- Matériaux céramiques --- Céramique industrielle --- Congresses --- Congresses --- Societies --- Congrès --- Congrès

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Ceramics --- Chemistry, Technical --- Analytical chemistry --- Céramique industrielle --- Chimie industrielle --- Analyse quantitative (Chimie) --- Quantitative.

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This paper analyzes the effect of rapid inflation on a country’s international position. The paper highlights that when prices and costs in any country rise rapidly, goods produced in the country soon become more expensive than similar goods produced abroad. Unless the exchange rate changes, this encourages imports and discourages exports. As prices in a country rise more rapidly than in the rest of the world, individuals in that country tend to turn from buying these increasingly expensive products of their own industries to the relatively cheaper foreign goods.

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Metals --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Foreign Exchange --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Foreign Aid --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Price Level --- Deflation --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Development assistance --- Currencies --- Gold --- Foreign aid --- Money --- Commodities --- Prices --- International relief --- Banks and banking --- New Zealand

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This paper presents Selected Decisions and Selected Documents’ Third Issue of the IMF. Dealings in paper money and coins are deemed to be ‘other exchange transactions’ within the meaning of Article IV, Section 3, whether or not the importation and exportation of such money and coins to and from the country of origin are subject to restrictions. The IMF does not object to exchange rates which are within 2 percent of parity for spot exchange transactions between a member's currency and the currencies of other members taking place within the member's territories, whenever such rates result from the maintenance of margins of no more than 1 percent from parity for a convertible, including externally convertible, currency. The Executive Directors interpret the Articles of Agreement to mean that steps which are necessary to protect a member from unemployment of a chronic or persistent character, arising from pressure on its balance of payments, are among the measures necessary to correct a fundamental disequilibrium; and that in each instance in which a member proposes a change in the par value of its currency to correct a fundamental disequilibrium the IMF will be required to determine, in the light of all relevant circumstances, whether in its opinion the proposed change is necessary to correct the fundamental disequilibrium.

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Metals --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Public Finance --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- International institutions --- Currencies --- Gold --- Multiple currency practices --- Credit --- Money --- Commodities --- International organization --- Reserve assets --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Foreign exchange reserves --- United States

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This paper examines the importance of national planning for economic development of a country. The paper highlights that when World War II began, Soviet Russia was the only country engaged in systematic development planning, and then only since 1929, when its First Five-Year Plan was approved. At the end of the War, Asian countries that either had, or were about to, become independent, embraced planning to a much greater extent than countries in any other region.

Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Economic Development --- Agribusiness --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Planning Models --- Planning Policy --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Education: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Capital outflows --- Development strategy --- Currencies --- Capital flows --- Balance of payments --- Development --- Money --- Capital movements --- Economic development --- Agricultural industries --- United States